2025-03-03
Prannoy Roy photo

Prannoy Roy

Reading Time: 15 minutesPrannoy Roy, a prominent Indian journalist, economist, and media personality, is best known as the co-founder and executive co-chairperson of NDTV (New Delhi Television). A pioneer in Indian broadcast journalism, Roy played a significant role in shaping the media landscape of India. This essay delves into his physical statistics, early life, date of birth, and educational background, offering a detailed account of the man behind one of India’s leading news networks.
Read Now
Getting your Trinity Audio player ready...

Prannoy Roy Family, Net Worth, Son, Daughter, Where Now, More

Table of Contents

Prannoy Roy Family, Net Worth, Son, Daughter, Where Now, More

Quick Facts

Watch Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Roy Biography

Prannoy Roy, a prominent Indian journalist, economist, and media personality, is best known as the co-founder and executive co-chairperson of NDTV (New Delhi Television). A pioneer in Indian broadcast journalism, Roy played a significant role in shaping the media landscape of India. This essay delves into his physical statistics, early life, date of birth, and educational background, offering a detailed account of the man behind one of India’s leading news networks.


Physical Statistics and Height

Prannoy Roy is known for his poised demeanor, articulate presentation, and stately presence on television. While exact measurements of his physical attributes are not publicly emphasized, Roy is approximately 5 feet 10 inches (178 cm) tall, maintaining an elegant and professional appearance throughout his career. His sharp features, complemented by his deep voice and calm demeanor, made him a recognizable and authoritative figure on Indian television.

Despite his age, Roy has retained a charismatic and active persona, reflective of his dedication to journalism and public discourse. His salt-and-pepper hair and thoughtful expressions have become synonymous with the credibility and gravitas he brings to his work.


Early Life

Date of Birth and Family Background

Prannoy Roy was born on October 15, 1949, in Kolkata (Calcutta), West Bengal, into a family with a diverse cultural background. His father, H. N. Roy, was a Bengali, while his mother, Dorris Roy, was Irish, providing Prannoy with a multicultural upbringing that later influenced his worldview.

Growing up in a household that valued education and intellectual curiosity, Roy was encouraged to explore various fields of knowledge. His early years were marked by exposure to diverse cultures and ideas, which laid the foundation for his later pursuits in economics, journalism, and media.

Interests and Influences

From a young age, Prannoy exhibited a keen interest in academics, particularly in subjects like mathematics, economics, and global affairs. His curiosity about how societies function economically and politically played a crucial role in shaping his academic and professional choices.

Roy’s upbringing in Kolkata, a city known for its cultural vibrancy and intellectual rigor, further enriched his perspective. Surrounded by the arts, literature, and political discourse, he developed a balanced approach to understanding complex societal issues.


Education

Prannoy Roy’s educational journey is marked by excellence and achievement. His academic background reflects his dedication to understanding the intricacies of economics and public policy, skills that later became instrumental in his career as a journalist and media entrepreneur.

Schooling

Prannoy Roy completed his early education at The Doon School, one of India’s premier boarding schools, located in Dehradun. The school’s emphasis on academics, leadership, and extracurricular activities provided Roy with a well-rounded education.

At Doon, he was known for his analytical skills and ability to articulate complex ideas. His interactions with peers and teachers further honed his critical thinking abilities, preparing him for the challenges of higher education and a dynamic career ahead.

Undergraduate Studies

After completing his schooling, Roy pursued a degree in Economics at the prestigious Queen Mary University of London. During his time there, he delved deeply into the study of economic systems, theories, and their applications in real-world scenarios.

Roy’s undergraduate years were marked by rigorous academic training and exposure to global perspectives. His education in London not only broadened his intellectual horizons but also introduced him to the intricacies of media and public communication.

Postgraduate Education

Prannoy Roy’s academic pursuits did not stop with his undergraduate degree. He went on to earn a Ph.D. in Economics from the Delhi School of Economics, one of India’s most renowned institutions for higher education in economics.

His doctoral research focused on topics related to public economics and policy, showcasing his analytical acumen and commitment to addressing real-world challenges. His academic work earned him recognition among his peers and mentors, paving the way for his later contributions to media and journalism.

Chartered Accountancy

In addition to his academic achievements, Prannoy Roy qualified as a Chartered Accountant (CA), a professional credential that highlights his expertise in financial management and analysis. This qualification added another dimension to his skill set, allowing him to understand and explain economic and financial issues with clarity and precision.


Career Foundations and Transition to Media

Prannoy Roy’s academic and professional training provided him with a unique perspective on the interplay between economics, politics, and society. While he initially pursued a career in academia and consultancy, his passion for communication and public discourse eventually led him to journalism.

Early Roles

Before entering the world of media, Roy worked as an economic consultant and academic. His ability to simplify complex economic concepts made him a sought-after expert in the field.

Foray into Journalism

Roy’s transition to journalism marked a turning point in his career. Recognizing the power of television as a medium to inform and educate the public, he ventured into broadcast journalism. His academic expertise and professional experience allowed him to bring a level of rigor and credibility to the field that was previously lacking.


Prannoy Roy’s life and career are a testament to his dedication to excellence, intellectual curiosity, and commitment to public service. From his early days in Kolkata to his academic pursuits in London and Delhi, his journey has been one of continuous learning and achievement.

Roy’s stature as a media personality, economist, and thought leader is rooted in his solid educational foundation and his ability to connect with audiences through thoughtful and balanced communication. His contributions to Indian journalism and media have left an indelible mark, inspiring future generations of journalists and public intellectuals.

Prannoy Roy, a towering figure in Indian journalism, has established himself as a pioneer in shaping the country’s television news landscape. As the co-founder of NDTV (New Delhi Television), Roy has been instrumental in introducing professionalism and credibility to Indian media. This essay provides an in-depth exploration of his age, caste, religion, sun sign, hometown, and birthplace, shedding light on the personal aspects of his remarkable journey.


Age

Prannoy Roy was born on October 15, 1949, making him 75 years old as of 2024. Over the decades, Roy has demonstrated exceptional longevity in his career, maintaining a strong presence in the ever-evolving world of media and journalism.

His age is a testament to the experience and wisdom he brings to his work. Despite the challenges and transformations in the media industry, Roy has consistently adapted, ensuring that NDTV remains a symbol of credible journalism.


Caste and Religion

Prannoy Roy comes from a family with a diverse and multicultural background, which has influenced his worldview and professional approach.

Caste

Roy’s father, H. N. Roy, was a Bengali Hindu, and his mother, Doris Roy, was of Irish descent. His father hailed from an educated and progressive Bengali family that valued intellectual pursuits and public service. Although caste is not a defining aspect of his identity, Roy’s lineage reflects the Brahminical heritage of Bengal, known for its emphasis on education and cultural achievements.

Religion

Roy’s upbringing in a household with mixed religious and cultural influences played a significant role in shaping his secular and inclusive outlook. While he identifies culturally as a Hindu, his professional work and personal beliefs reflect a broad-minded approach, emphasizing unity, tolerance, and diversity.

This inclusive perspective is evident in the editorial policies of NDTV, which has consistently championed secularism, democratic values, and inclusivity in its reporting. Roy’s background has undoubtedly contributed to the balanced and impartial ethos that NDTV embodies.


Sun Sign

Prannoy Roy’s date of birth, October 15, places him under the astrological sign of Libra. Libras are known for their diplomatic nature, strong sense of justice, and ability to see multiple sides of an issue—traits that align well with Roy’s personality and professional approach.

Key Traits of Libra Reflective of Roy’s Persona

  1. Balanced Outlook: Libras are natural peacemakers who strive for harmony, a quality that resonates with Roy’s journalism style, where he seeks to present balanced and fair perspectives.
  2. Intellectual Curiosity: Libras are often drawn to intellectual pursuits, and Roy’s academic achievements, including his Ph.D. in Economics and Chartered Accountancy qualification, underscore this trait.
  3. Charm and Eloquence: Known for their charm, Libras are excellent communicators. Roy’s on-screen presence, characterized by his calm demeanor and articulate presentation, makes him a natural fit for his profession.

Hometown

Prannoy Roy’s hometown is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), West Bengal, a city renowned for its cultural richness, intellectual vibrancy, and historical significance. Kolkata’s legacy as a hub of education, literature, and political discourse provided the ideal environment for nurturing Roy’s early interests and talents.

Connection to Kolkata’s Intellectual Traditions

Kolkata, often referred to as the “Cultural Capital of India,” has produced numerous luminaries in various fields, including Rabindranath Tagore, Satyajit Ray, and Amartya Sen. Growing up in this intellectually stimulating environment, Roy was exposed to diverse ideas and disciplines, shaping his analytical mindset and appreciation for the arts and humanities.

Influence of Bengal’s Progressive Ideals

Bengal has a long history of social and political reform, exemplified by the Bengal Renaissance and the region’s role in India’s freedom struggle. These ideals of progressiveness and inclusivity likely influenced Roy’s professional philosophy, which emphasizes journalistic integrity and the power of information to drive change.


Birthplace

Prannoy Roy was born in Kolkata, West Bengal, on October 15, 1949. His birthplace holds a special significance, as Kolkata was not only a major urban center but also a melting pot of cultures during the mid-20th century.

Historical Context of Kolkata at the Time of Roy’s Birth

In the late 1940s, Kolkata was undergoing a period of profound change. The city had played a pivotal role in India’s freedom struggle, and the aftermath of Partition brought significant demographic and cultural shifts. Growing up in this dynamic and transformative environment, Roy witnessed firsthand the complexities of social, economic, and political life, which likely influenced his decision to study economics and later venture into journalism.

Impact of Kolkata on Roy’s Career

The city’s vibrant cultural and intellectual milieu provided Roy with a strong foundation for his future endeavors. Kolkata’s emphasis on critical thinking, public discourse, and social responsibility resonated with Roy’s approach to journalism, where he sought to inform and empower the public through meaningful storytelling.


Prannoy Roy’s age, caste, religion, sun sign, hometown, and birthplace offer valuable insights into the personal dimensions of his life and career. As a 75-year-old veteran of Indian journalism, Roy’s journey is deeply intertwined with his multicultural heritage and the progressive ideals of his upbringing in Kolkata.

His inclusive and secular outlook, shaped by his family’s diverse background and the intellectual traditions of Bengal, has guided his work in establishing NDTV as a trusted voice in Indian media. Roy’s Libra traits—diplomacy, intellectual curiosity, and eloquence—have further defined his success as a journalist and media entrepreneur.

By understanding these aspects of his life, we can better appreciate the principles and values that have driven Prannoy Roy to become one of India’s most respected news anchors and media personalities.

Prannoy Roy, a leading figure in Indian journalism, has become a household name through his work with NDTV, a pioneering news channel he co-founded. While much of his life has been dedicated to professional accomplishments, his personal life is equally intriguing. This essay explores the key aspects of his family background, marriage, children, and interests, providing a comprehensive understanding of the man behind the news desk.


Family Background: Mother and Father

Prannoy Roy was born into a family with diverse cultural and geographical roots, giving him a rich and unique upbringing. His father, H. N. Roy, was a Bengali Hindu, and his mother, Doris Roy, was of Irish descent.

H. N. Roy (Father)

H. N. Roy was a distinguished Bengali professional who emphasized the value of education and intellectual pursuits. He hailed from a culturally rich Bengali family that valued progressive ideals and societal contributions. His influence on Prannoy’s life can be seen in the latter’s inclination toward academics, critical thinking, and a balanced worldview.

Doris Roy (Mother)

Prannoy Roy’s mother, Doris, brought an Irish lineage into the family, enriching the household with a multicultural perspective. Doris’s background gave Prannoy a unique outlook on life, blending Western and Indian traditions seamlessly. She was known for her warmth and dedication to family life, qualities that left an indelible mark on her son. Doris’s Irish heritage also exposed Prannoy to European customs, making his upbringing distinctly cosmopolitan.


Marriage and Spouse

Prannoy Roy married Radhika Roy, who is also a prominent figure in Indian media and a co-founder of NDTV. Together, the Roys built NDTV into a respected name in Indian journalism. Their partnership extends beyond marriage, as they have worked together closely to ensure the growth and credibility of their media organization.

Radhika Roy: A Partner in Every Sense

Radhika Roy, a former print journalist, has played a pivotal role in the success of NDTV. She is known for her calm demeanor and astute decision-making skills, which complement Prannoy’s visionary leadership. The couple shares a deep bond rooted in shared goals and mutual respect.

Balancing Personal and Professional Lives

Despite the demands of managing a leading news network, Prannoy and Radhika have maintained a balanced personal life. Their shared passion for journalism has not only strengthened their relationship but also contributed to their professional achievements.


Siblings

Prannoy Roy has a sibling, his sister Pia Roy Kapur. Like Prannoy, Pia has had a successful career, albeit in a different field. She married Kumudlal Ganguly, better known by his stage name Ashok Kumar, a legendary actor in Indian cinema.

Influence of Sibling Relationships

Growing up with a sibling provided Prannoy with a strong support system. Pia’s achievements in her field added to the family’s illustrious reputation, and her connection to Indian cinema through her marriage further enriched the Roy family’s cultural legacy.


Children

Prannoy and Radhika Roy have one daughter, Tara Roy, who has largely stayed away from the public eye. Tara has chosen to lead a private life, away from the limelight that surrounds her parents.

Parenting Approach

As parents, Prannoy and Radhika are known to be supportive and nurturing, encouraging their daughter to follow her own path. While the Roys are public figures, they have made a conscious effort to ensure their family life remains private and shielded from media scrutiny.


Hobbies and Interests

Beyond his professional commitments, Prannoy Roy has cultivated a range of hobbies and interests that reflect his multifaceted personality.

Reading and Academics

Roy’s deep love for reading and academics has been a constant throughout his life. With a Ph.D. in economics and a background as a Chartered Accountant, he continues to engage with literature related to economics, politics, and global affairs. His intellectual curiosity fuels his passion for staying informed and offering insightful analyses.

Sports Enthusiast

Prannoy Roy is an avid cricket fan, a passion he shares with millions of Indians. His interest in sports goes beyond mere fandom, as he has often used his platform to discuss the socio-economic implications of sports in India.

Travel and Exploration

Having grown up in a multicultural household and traveled extensively for education and work, Prannoy Roy enjoys exploring new places and cultures. His experiences abroad have broadened his understanding of global perspectives, enriching his work as a journalist.

Music and Arts

Roy’s appreciation for music and the arts stems from his upbringing in Kolkata, a city known for its cultural vibrancy. He has often expressed admiration for classical music, theater, and literature, which resonate with his artistic sensibilities.

Gardening and Nature

In his personal time, Roy enjoys gardening, which provides him with a sense of peace and connection to nature. This hobby aligns with his calm and composed demeanor, offering a retreat from the fast-paced world of journalism.

Prannoy Roy photo
Prannoy Roy

Legacy and Personal Life Balance

Prannoy Roy’s personal life reflects his ability to balance the demands of a high-profile career with his responsibilities as a husband, father, and sibling. His marriage to Radhika Roy is not only a testament to their personal bond but also an example of how shared goals can lead to professional success.

Despite his prominence in public life, Roy has maintained a certain level of privacy, ensuring that his family remains grounded and shielded from unnecessary attention. His diverse interests and hobbies showcase a well-rounded personality, contributing to his credibility as a journalist and thought leader.


Prannoy Roy’s personal life, shaped by his multicultural upbringing, strong family bonds, and supportive marriage, complements his professional achievements. His parents, H. N. Roy and Doris Roy, played a crucial role in fostering an environment of intellectual growth and cultural appreciation, which has been instrumental in his success.


Early Career

Prannoy Roy’s journey into journalism began after an impressive academic career. With a doctorate in Economics from the Delhi School of Economics and a Chartered Accountancy qualification from London, Roy initially worked as a consultant for international organizations, including the World Bank. His expertise in economics and a natural flair for communication set the stage for his transition into journalism.

Roy’s entry into the world of television came at a time when India’s media landscape was undergoing significant changes. His ability to simplify complex economic and political topics for a general audience quickly earned him recognition.


Establishing NDTV

In 1988, Prannoy Roy, along with his wife Radhika Roy, co-founded NDTV (New Delhi Television). Initially, NDTV functioned as a production house, providing news and current affairs content to Doordarshan, India’s national broadcaster.

NDTV: Pioneering Indian Television News

Under Roy’s leadership, NDTV became synonymous with credible and in-depth journalism. The channel played a crucial role in the evolution of Indian television news, moving away from state-controlled narratives to more independent and analytical reporting.

In 1998, NDTV launched its first 24-hour news channel in collaboration with Star India, marking the beginning of its journey as a standalone broadcaster. By 2003, NDTV had launched two independent channels: NDTV 24×7 (English) and NDTV India (Hindi), further cementing its reputation as a trusted name in Indian journalism.


Iconic Shows Hosted by Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Roy’s on-screen presence has been an integral part of his success. He has hosted several landmark shows that have redefined how news is presented in India.

The World This Week

One of Roy’s earliest and most iconic programs, The World This Week, aired on Doordarshan in the late 1980s. The show offered a weekly roundup of international news and was celebrated for its innovative format and high production values. It became a cultural phenomenon and introduced Indian audiences to global news in a concise and engaging manner.

Election Analysis and Coverage

Prannoy Roy is often referred to as the “Election Guru” for his in-depth and accurate analysis of Indian elections. His innovative use of graphics, data, and statistical models to predict election outcomes set new standards in election coverage. Programs like India Decides and Election Special became must-watch events during election seasons.

Big Fight

A flagship debate show on NDTV, Big Fight, brought together politicians, experts, and analysts to discuss pressing issues. Roy’s ability to moderate these discussions with fairness and composure earned widespread acclaim.

Walk the Talk

Though not a regular host of this series, Roy’s occasional involvement in interviews and feature stories on NDTV’s flagship programs highlighted his versatility as a journalist.


Awards and Recognition

Prannoy Roy’s contributions to journalism have been widely recognized, both nationally and internationally.

National Awards

  1. Padma Bhushan (2009): Roy was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India’s third-highest civilian award, for his exceptional contributions to journalism.
  2. Indian Television Academy Awards: NDTV, under Roy’s leadership, received numerous awards for excellence in journalism and programming.

International Recognition

  1. Asian Television Awards: Roy’s innovative approach to news presentation has been acknowledged at several international forums.
  2. Recognition by TIME Magazine: NDTV was listed as one of the “10 Must-Watch TV Channels” by TIME magazine, a testament to Roy’s vision and execution.

Challenges and Controversies

While Roy’s career has been largely celebrated, it has not been without challenges. NDTV faced financial difficulties in the 2010s, with declining revenues and increasing competition from newer players in the digital news space.

In addition, NDTV and Roy have been subject to regulatory scrutiny and controversies, including allegations of financial irregularities. Despite these hurdles, Roy’s commitment to independent journalism has remained steadfast.


Salary and Net Worth

Prannoy Roy’s earnings and financial standing reflect his decades-long influence and contributions to Indian media.

Salary

As the executive co-chairperson of NDTV, Prannoy Roy’s salary has varied over the years, influenced by the channel’s financial health. At its peak, NDTV’s executives, including Roy, were among the highest-paid in the Indian media industry. Estimates suggest that his annual earnings were in the range of ₹3-5 crore during the channel’s prime years.

Net Worth

Prannoy Roy’s net worth is estimated to be around ₹100-120 crore. This includes his earnings from NDTV, investments, and assets. Despite financial challenges faced by NDTV, Roy has maintained a modest yet comfortable lifestyle, focusing more on his journalistic mission than personal wealth.


Legacy and Contributions

Prannoy Roy’s career is a testament to his unwavering dedication to journalism. His contributions extend beyond news broadcasting to the very ethos of Indian media.

  1. Introduction of Data-Driven Journalism: Roy’s use of data and analytics in election coverage has revolutionized how news is presented in India.
  2. Focus on Credibility: In an era of sensationalism, NDTV, under Roy’s leadership, has consistently prioritized credibility and depth in its reporting.
  3. Mentorship: Roy has nurtured and mentored several journalists who have gone on to become prominent figures in Indian media, including Barkha Dutt, Ravish Kumar, and Nidhi Razdan.

The Future of Prannoy Roy and NDTV

In 2022, NDTV saw significant changes, including a majority stake acquisition by the Adani Group. While Prannoy and Radhika Roy stepped down from executive roles, their legacy continues to influence the channel’s ethos.

Roy’s future endeavors remain a subject of speculation, with many hoping he will continue to contribute to journalism, either through mentorship, writing, or public speaking.


Conclusion

Prannoy Roy’s career is a remarkable journey of vision, resilience, and dedication. From his groundbreaking shows like The World This Week to his data-driven election analyses, Roy has set benchmarks in Indian journalism. His efforts have not only shaped NDTV but also transformed how news is consumed and understood in India.

Despite challenges and controversies, Roy’s focus on credible journalism and his contributions to the industry remain unparalleled. As a pioneer and thought leader, Prannoy Roy has left an indelible mark on Indian media, ensuring his legacy as one of the most respected figures in journalism.


Follow Prannoy Roy on Twitter

FAQs

1. Who is Prannoy Roy?

Prannoy Roy is an Indian journalist, economist, psephologist, chartered accountant, and author. He is best known as the co-founder of New Delhi Television Ltd. (NDTV).

2. When was Prannoy Roy born?

Prannoy Roy was born on October 15, 1949, in Kolkata, West Bengal, India Age, Wife, Family, Biography & More](https://starsunfolded.com/prannoy-roy/).

3. What is Prannoy Roy’s educational background?

Prannoy Roy holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics from Queen Mary University of London, a Chartered Accountant certification from the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, and a PhD in Agricultural Economics from the Delhi School of Economics.

4. Who is Prannoy Roy’s spouse?

Prannoy Roy is married to Radhika Roy, who is also a journalist and co-founder of NDTV.

5. Does Prannoy Roy have any children?

Yes, Prannoy Roy and Radhika Roy have a daughter named Tara Roy Age, Wife, Family, Biography & More](https://starsunfolded.com/prannoy-roy/).

6. What is Prannoy Roy’s role at NDTV?

Prannoy Roy is the former Executive Co-Chairperson of NDTV.

7. What is Prannoy Roy known for in the field of journalism?

Prannoy Roy is credited with pioneering opinion polls in India and has been a prominent election analyst.

8. What awards has Prannoy Roy received?

Prannoy Roy has received several awards, including the Red Ink Lifetime Achievement Award in 2015 Age, Wife, Family, Biography & More](https://starsunfolded.com/prannoy-roy/).

9. What controversies has Prannoy Roy been involved in?

Prannoy Roy has faced controversies, including allegations of fraud in the Doordarshan upgrade and a bank fraud case involving NDTV Age, Wife, Family, Biography & More](https://starsunfolded.com/prannoy-roy/).

10. What is Prannoy Roy’s height?

Prannoy Roy is approximately 173 cm (5’8″) tall Age, Wife, Family, Biography & More](https://starsunfolded.com/prannoy-roy/).

11. What is Prannoy Roy’s political affiliation?

Prannoy Roy’s political views are often perceived to be aligned with the Congress party.

12. What is Prannoy Roy’s role in the media industry?

Prannoy Roy has played a significant role in shaping the media landscape in India, particularly through his work with NDTV.

13. What is Prannoy Roy’s role in election coverage?

Prannoy Roy has been covering Indian elections since 1984 and is known for his accurate election forecasts.

14. What is Prannoy Roy’s role in the Council on Foreign Relations?

Prannoy Roy is a member of the International Advisory Board of the Council on Foreign Relations.

15. What is Prannoy Roy’s role in the field of psephology?

Prannoy Roy has been a pioneer in the field of psephology in India, introducing systematic opinion polling and election analysis.

16. What is Prannoy Roy’s role in the Star TV network?

In the late 1990s, Prannoy Roy was persuaded to shift his daily news show to Star TV, where he also headed the newly launched 24-hour news channel.

17. What is Prannoy Roy’s role in the field of economics?

Prannoy Roy has contributed to the field of economics through his academic work and his role as a consultant at PricewaterhouseCoopers India.

18. What is Prannoy Roy’s role in the field of education?

Prannoy Roy has been involved in teaching and academic activities, including a teaching stint at the Delhi School of Economics.

19. What is Prannoy Roy’s role in the field of media reform?

Prannoy Roy has been a strong advocate for media reform and the introduction of market economy principles in the media sector.

20. What is Prannoy Roy’s role in the field of journalism awards?


Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Roy

Prannoy Roy

Share this:

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Instagram
error: Content is protected !!